Sacco And Vanzetti Essays (1982 words) - Sacco And Vanzetti

Sacco And Vanzetti The Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which was ratified in1868, granted freedom to all United States citizens; even those who were naturalized (immigrants). Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subjects to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. - Amendment XIV Though this Amendment was made over half a century prior to the Sacco and Vanzetti case, I feel it did not apply. Sacco and Vanzetti were deprived of life and liberty, as Judge Webster Thayer, the judge in the Sacco and Vanzetti case, sought out their execution and sentenced them. Judge Thayer's conduct, both inside and outside of the court, was inexcusable and hindered Sacco and Vanzetti from receiving a fair trial. This period worked against Sacco's and Vanzetti's fate for its elements of xenophobia, immigration quotas, the Red Scare (1919-1920), and the Palmer Raids. All of these exemplify prejudice, which was prevalent during the Roaring Twenties. On April 15, 1920, two men named Allesandro Berdelli and Frederick Parmenter were murdered near the Slater and Morrill Shoe Factory while carrying a total of 15,776 dollars in South Braintree, Massachusetts. This type of crime was not uncommon in post WWI America. Sacco and Vanzetti were not originally suspected for this crime, but according to one of their friends, Andrea Salsedo, They were practically the last of the Italian radicals in New England who had not been jailed or deported in the big anti-alien drive. Sacco and Vanzetti were suspected because they were Italian immigrants, anarchists, professed draft dodgers, and were involved in union and labor strikes, anti-war propaganda, and numerous minor confrontations with the law. Originally, neither Sacco nor Vanzetti had any previous criminal records, yet they were suspected of committing the murders on April 15, 1920. Then Vanzetti was linked to the Bridgewater holdup. Vanzetti first encountered Judge Webster Thayer on June 22, 1920, during his trial for the Bridgewater holdup he allegedly committed, known as the Plymouth Trial. Poor translators were brought in to help Vanzetti's sixteen working-class Italian alibis communicate with the court. Vanzetti, himself, refused to take the stand. He feared revealing his anarchical behavior and radical activity, and due to this, did not take the bench in his own defense. Vanzetti was sentenced to fifteen years in the Charlestown State Penitentiary. This was a harsh punishment compared to the usual sentence of eight to ten years in prison. In The Black Flag, by Brian Jackson, the author points out Thayer's early biased behavior after the Plymouth Trial; Following the earlier Plymouth trial of Vanzetti for the attempted Bridgewater robbery, at which Judge Thayer presided, he requested Chief Justice John Aiken assign him to preside in the Sacco-Vanzetti trial in Dedham. Such a request was and is radical departure from usual judicial decorum and indicates Thayer's intense personal interest in the outcome of the trial. It is also highly probable that after presiding at the Plymouth trial and sentencing Vanzetti to fifteen years for attempted robbery, Thayer could not claim total impartiality toward the defendants at the Dedham trial. Vanzetti's fifteen years in the State Penitentiary and Thayer's desire to preside in the Sacco and Vanzetti case were the first indications of his corruption. Why would it matter if another judge took the anarchists' case? Why did Judge Thayer deem it necessary to handle this particular case, especially since he already handled Vanzetti in court? It is obvious what Thayer, a man who had said he, would show them [Sacco and Vanzetti] and would get those guys hanged, had in mind. This unique request was one of the many unusual acts Judge Thayer did during the Sacco-Vanzetti trial. It was also reported he made many comments to friends and coworkers about his plans for Sacco and Vanzetti. Professional, well-respected men, were often the people leaking Judge

Push Versus Pull Technology

Push Versus Pull Technology The internet is a very complex communication platform. The current form of the internet is the product of multiple innovations from various people. The internet still has many technological gaps despite its current complex form. Therefore, the number of business applications as well as the tools and protocols that guide the operations of the internet will keep on increasing.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Push Versus Pull Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the context of communication protocols, technology falls within two broad classes. The two classes are Push Technology and Pull Technology. This paper examines the background, current uses, and future applications of these two technologies. Definitions The term â€Å"Pull Technology† refers to the communication model where end users initiate requests for data. Usually, the data sits in remote servers. On the other hand, â€Å"Push Tech nology† refers to the communication model where servers initiate the transfer of data to end users. In this case, the user is a passive recipient of information sent from the servers. The servers use filters to distinguish between different pools of information relevant to specific users. Push Technology Background to the Technology Push Technology applications avail the information in remote facilities to users. A remote server uses filters to distinguish between the kinds of information sent to each user. This model is similar to the operations of television and radio broadcast systems. The main difference between traditional applications of Push Technology and the internet is that internet Push Technology can allow for two-way communication between a server and a receiver. For instance, a receiver can make further inquiries based on the information received passively from a server. This is not possible with radio and television. Current Uses of Push Technology Some examples of current applications of Push Technology include online advertisements, chat, email system, and RSS feeds. Internet search companies such as Yahoo and Google use advertisements to raise revenues to fund their operations.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When a user opens a webpage, it usually has adverts from various companies related to the content on the screen. Search engine companies display advertisements without any specific request from the users. Internet chat is the second example of the application of Push Technology. When a person initiates internet chat with someone else, the receiver has no control over the information he receives via the service. Chats usually pop up when someone tries to make contact from a remote location. The receiver can only react by responding or shutting down the chat service. In recent times, VoIP has become an in tegral part of online chat. This application uses voice rather than text as the main chat medium. Such applications will increase in number in the future. The third example of a Push Technology application is email. Email makes it possible for internet users to communicate by sending messages to each other. Senders can send any information they please if they have the email address of a recipient. Many Internet users receive spam mail from people unknown to them in addition to emails from familiar sources. The fourth application of push systems in business is the use of RSS feeds. RSS feeds came up to enable registered people to receive notifications regarding the availability of certain types of content. RSS feeds enable such people to get alerts about recently published articles and blog posts on topics of interest to them. This helps them to keep in touch with development in fields of interest. Future Uses of Push Technology Push Technology applications will remain an important p art of the online experience of many users. The main areas where Push Technology will remain important include online advertising, surveillance systems, and security applications. The current success of online advertising makes it easy to predict its continued use. Internet giants such as Google and Yahoo have proved that it is a viable business model. Facebook joined these ranks and is now experiencing good returns from its online advertising programs. These examples show that advertising will remain a major application of Push Technology.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Push Versus Pull Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, surveillance systems will use Push Technology to collect information about activities in various places. A very modest example is the use of nanny cams to monitor household activities. The nannies are unaware that they are under surveillance by remote servers. On a diff erent note, facial recognition software running on clandestine platforms will pick out wanted persons using webcams. Thirdly, more security applications will rely on push systems. Already, many facilities use biometrics to authenticate requests to get access to sensitive areas. In the future, such systems will become more common. Banks will deploy Push Technology to authenticate requests to withdraw funds from automated teller machines, and even institutions such as schools will use them to sift out students from intruders. Pull Technology Background to the Technology Pull Technology emerged when it became apparent that internet users wanted to control their access to information. In this regard, early forms of the internet gave users the ability to search data repositories, initially for research. This is still the predominant form of internet usage today. Users go to web addresses where they believe they will find useful information. The central aspect of Pull Technology is that i t gives users discretion and control over where to look for information. This is different from traditional media such as radio and television that provide information based on the aggregate needs of viewers and listeners. Current Uses of Pull Technology Some of the current uses of Pull Technology are as follows. When advertisers are trying to reach global audiences, or scattered customer bases, they place content that potential customer will look for online. When these potential customers type the keywords related to their interests, search engines find the sites that contain such content. Pull Technology works when advertisers and people seeking to reach a wide audience place content on websites that matches the needs of internet users. Secondly, internet search engines work based on Pull Technology. Almost all internet users go to a search engine first to find sites of value to them. Search engines make it possible for them to find the information they need based on their require ments. Google is the leading search engine today. However, Yahoo and Bing are also important players in the global internet search industry.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third application of Pull Technology is in companies with restricted repositories. Many companies have confidential documents on their intranets. Such companies allow only their employees to get access to such repositories. For instance, a company like Apple has many projects going on at any time. Its product development teams do not communicate with people outside the company regarding Apple’s ongoing projects. At various points, these employees need information in the repository to carry out their functions. For instance, a project administrator may need the company’s budgets in order to prepare tender documents. In this case, the administrator uses Pull Technology to get access to the information in the repository. This is a common use of Push Technology in many corporations. Future Uses of Pull Technology Pull Technology will be around for a long time to come. Internet users need to have control over the content they view online. The future applications of Pull Technology are as follows. First, Pull Technology will remain a source of influence over the content people develop for websites and blogs. When people publish their articles online, they expect to find an audience for it. Search Engine Optimizations helps them to prepare content that interested persons can find through search engines. While these activities are already part of business today, they will become even more important to businesses in the future. Secondly, ecommerce will spur the further development of Push Technology. Ecommerce usually requires the active participation of the users. When buying something online, an internet user must go through a deliberate purchasing process. This means that the demand for Push Technology will grow with time as more people start participating in ecommerce. Thirdly, more devices are becoming part of the internet. Futuristic dreams of controlling gadgets in the home from remote locations are becoming viable with time. Soon, it may be po ssible to turn off a refrigerator remotely via the internet. There are many internet-ready gadgets in the market already. They include printers, scanners, and cameras. It is just a matter of time before ordinary household gadgets become part of the internet. The significance of these developments in light of Push Technology is that people will need a means of controlling these devices remotely. While a refrigerator may only need a thermostat to turn on or off, it requires an intelligent mind to raise its temperature from -50 to -10 in response to environmental changes. Someone on a long vacation will be able to turn off his refrigerator when winter starts. This example illustrates the technological direction the internet will take in the future, as more devices become part of the internet. Conclusion The future of the Push and Pull Technologies will follow different paths, depending on the specific applications in question. Push Technology will become more important to law enforceme nt agencies such as local police and counter terrorism units across the world. Espionage will depend on clandestine applications based on Push Technology to increase the accuracy of intelligence gathered for business or law enforcement purposes. Secondly, the future of Push Technology is also bright because of the increasing sophistication of internet users across the world. Users will keep on demanding better content and greater control over their online activities. In this regard, more content of this nature will be available online as time moves on. The third expectation is the convergence of the two technologies in more applications across the internet. Today, Google search results display both the results of a search and adverts related to the search. While the user initiates the search process, the search engine provider uses the opportunity to place adverts on the screen. The simultaneous application of both technologies will become more common. Cardoso, Gustavo. From Mass C ommunication to Networked Communication: Thoughts 2.0. Lisbon: Lisbon Internet and Networks, 2009. Print. Holmes, David. Communication Theory: Media, Technology, and Society. London: SAGE, 2005. Print. Kull, Katrin. The Model of Internet-Based Marketing Communication. Tallinn: Tallinn Technical University, 2003. Print.

An Examination of the Team Development Stages in the Movie 12 Angry Men

An Examination of the Team Development Stages in the Movie 12 Angry Men 12 Angry Men: Team Development Stages Team development is a crucial aspect of any group setting and consists of six stages: stage one – forming, stage two – storming, stage three – norming, stage four – performing, and stage five – adjourning (or deforming). In the movie 12 Angry Men, the 12 jury members go through these stages at various points of the deliberation; this paper will serve to explore how and when the jury went through the stages of team development. Forming The movie starts out with our group already been formed, as they were selected to be part of the jury; they really begin the team development process at the beginning of the deliberation, as the jury members all sit down and define what their goals and obligations are, saying that if the defendant is found guilty, they must send him to the electric chair. The forming stage continues as jury members start falling into their respective roles; the members find out that juror 3 and juror 10 are alpha type males, that juror 8 takes his civic duty seriously, but has some biased views (he is just a youth, how could he commit such a crime?), and general introductions from members of the group. Storming The storming stage follows the forming stage, and starts after the jury’s first round of guilty/not guilty voting; the storming stage is set off by juror 8’s not guilty vote, which is the first and only difference among the group at the time. The storming stage is furthered by the jury member’s perception of civic duty, and ignited to another level when juror 8 is attempting to make a case, while some of his fellow jury members are playing games and goofing off. In the storming stage the alpha males of the group try to insert and enforce their brand of â€Å"leadership† through verbal force and intimidation, such as Juror 3 cutting off other jurors during the initial deliberation, telling the group that they are going to skip the set speaking rotation. This struggle of power, juror 3’s intimidation technique versus juror 8’s logical argument technique, continues throughout the story. Norming The norming stage starts when juror 8 starts making his arguments for a not guilty verdict, while persuading others to his side; it is also the stage that lasts the longest throughout the deliberation and takes place in non-connected stages. Once there are a few jurors on the not guilty side of the verdict, open discussion becomes much freer flowing and direct; the jury members start having an actual debate about the facts of the case and whether they could be debated. The discussion, and norming stage, really takes off when juror 8 slams the similar knife into the table; before this the discussion was fairly closed off, with most of the other jury members saying that there was no way the kid was not guilty. Performing The performing stage gradually takes over from the norming stage as more solid arguments are made in favor of the defendant being not guilty. Juror by juror realizes that they may have indeed been so close to sending a potentially innocent person to jail, and feel further obligated to explore the facts in order to render a fair verdict. Jury members put together their individual experiences and knowledge in order to help each other come to a not guilty verdict, such as Juror 8 trying to recreate the witness who had to walk to his door with a limp, or questioning Juror 4 about his week in order to establish that memory can be fuzzy. The final sense of civic obligation come when Juror 9 notices Juror 4 rubbing his nose, making the final argument about one of the witnesses not using her glasses regularly. Adjourning The adjourning stage is the stage where the team evaluates its processes and performance, disbanding on either a temporary or permanent basis; the jury members do not disband on a temporary process, and any breaks are portrayed as short breathers, therefore the focus will be on the disbanding of the jury upon rendering a not guilty verdict. The movie does not go into too much detail about the aftermath of the team’s decision, but the audience could tell through the interactions of Juror 8 with Jurors 3 and 9 that the process took place in the manner it should have, and that the team was happy with their process and performance.

Are Actors and Professional Athletes Paid Too Much Essay

Are Actors and Professional Athletes Paid Too Much - Essay Example However, when these payments are compared to other classes of labor in the American labor market, it becomes evident that celebrities are paid far more than other classes of labor. This phenomenon has resulted in an active debate that seems unbridgeable – are actors and professional athletes paid too much? One extreme end of the debate believes that actors and professional athletes are paid too much compared to the services they offer while the other extreme end holds that such compensation is fair because it is based on market principles. This text will deconstruct the debate from either end in order to find a more manageable stance on the issue. 2. Background The compensation provided to actors, professional athletes and other celebrities exceeds average payment figures for the top CEOs in corporate America. Not only this, these celebrities continue to receive large sums of money after their retirement from professional careers using means such as branding, advertising and p romotion of goods and services. It could therefore be surmised that these celebrities continue to be paid exuberantly throughout the course of their lives. In contrasts to these celebrities, the average American professional worker is paid far less by a large order of magnitude. Increasing economic pressure in the wake of the global economic crunch has forced many professional workers to consider their income levels as low. Critics argue that professionals who are more critical to the functioning of society such as law enforcement professionals, doctors, nurses, lawyers, teachers etc. should be paid more for their services. 3. Body One of the primary causes for high payments doled out to celebrities is disparity between demand and supply of professionally excellent celebrities. Hundreds of thousands of actors and professional athletes dot the United States but only a few are able to achieve demigod status based on their performance. The structure of the sports and entertainment mark ets also favors the more competent celebrities (Rosen and Sanderson). A common observation in the entertainment and sports industry is that celebrities are able to develop a personal following that allows them to bring in crowds of spectators to movie theaters and sports stadiums (Hausman and Leonard). Based on this â€Å"cult† following of celebrities their value addition to business processes becomes critical. This reason mandates for different teams to buy the most glamorous athletes and for movie producers to cast the most glamorous of actors. When overall business evaluation is carried out, it becomes obvious that the share of these celebrities in improving business revenues is undeniable (Fort and Quirk) and so it is common for them to be paid highly. The more affluent celebrities can be thought of as business partners – the investor provides the requisite fiscal liquidity while the celebrities provide the requisite market in the form of fans and followers. Hence , celebrities are a critical part of the equation that determines returns in the entertainment and sports industries so they are compensated highly in order to hold their interests in place. In contrast, others argue that paying celebrities highly is not rational and tends to distort the society and labor market structures badly. The glorification of celebrities as well as their glamorous ways tends to attract a lot of attention which is their selling point. This selling point means that many young

Individual Analyzing Buyer Behavior Simulation Summary Essay

Individual Analyzing Buyer Behavior Simulation Summary - Essay Example Compared to the other two services unisex salon and Day Spar which take more time although the payment is high it can be concluded that it is economical to provide barber services rather than day spar in terms of man hours spent. So this tells me I have to stick to the economical service. In the analysis of revenue and cost Day Spar makes a revenue of 111,826 per year while barbershops make the least of the three that is 15,812,Unisex make 28,849, however statistics indicate that men are not comfortable in unisex salons so it can be concluded that option of unisex salon is not viable. Information at hand indicates that Stonewall customers are traditional customers who have been coming there for a long time and because it is easier to retain a customer than to bring in a new one I keep to the traditional operations targeting the present customers while adding value to the services I offer them. I will not transform the barber shop into a Day Spar. BROOKLYN DEMOGRAPHICS Statistics indi cate that males aged 0-34 years old in Brooklyn constitute 56 percent of the population. Statistics further indicate that the older the customers get the less they need stonewall services so I need to work targeting the younger population. While analyzing income data from households it can see that households making more than $100,000 are only 65,936 the least of all categories. These are families with extra income to pay for services of Day Spar maybe. I will target the less income earners who are the majority in this area. Information at hand also indicate that when asked which salon they would go to males in Brooklyn aged 0-15 indicated they would go to a traditional barbershop like Stonewall therefore again it is important that I retain the originality of the shop. CUSTOMER PERCEPTION Data collected indicates that basic services are needed by 100 percent of those interviewed the rest of the services are in a way not needed. Fifty seven percent of the population indicated other s ervices such as Jacuzzi are expensive and possibly they may not pay for them. Fifty eight percent of the males indicated that a salon is a good experience for them I am considering putting this into the mix. Fifty percent of the men interviewed indicated that grooming is important this shows that in order for the business to grow we have to include grooming services such as manicure. POSITIONING STRATEGY I finally settled on choosing the barbershop plus, with value added services that are, hairstyle, pedicure, tattoo, color and manicure. This is because as I added them in that order one by one to the services revenue kept increasing for the three years of projection and not necessarily increasing costs. This done also did not affect the budget under my disposal as I will work within the budget. The average projected revenue for this project was as below; 543+679=843/3=690, savings on available budget= 550-307=307 therefore 307+690=997 in revenue projections for the three years compa red with other options as I will indicate below, again it is the most viable option. When analyzing Sports Spar I realized it is not a viable option because the total cost of implementation are very high ,average profitability for three years is only $644 with provision of an addition luxury service. Furthermore this is a different line of business all together as indicated by demographics. Barber Spar looks like a viable venture when analyzed indicates a revenue of $1164.However it brings in a different service, concierge

Historical Vacation in Nevada Essay Example for Free

Historical Vacation in Nevada Essay At present, Nevada is one of the largest and the best states in the U. S. Visiting this state simply means not finding a shortage of action. Nevada is one of the only places in the States where it is possible to perform morning ski world-class runs and afternoon world-class green walks. Nevada is also famous for Tahoe Rim Trail, Truckee River, Sand Mountain, and world-class shows and dines and world-famous casino and resorts. Aside from these, Nevada is also a state rich in culture and history. This is the reason why with my time machine, I decided to visit Nevada with my History professor. I chose to visit Nevada with my History professor because I thought that he is the best person who can help me understand special places and people in this state. However, with so many periods and so many places to explore, I asked my History professor, where should we begin? Historical Vacation in Nevada I had quite a long discussion with my professor about the places, period, and events to visit. After a long discussion, we both agreed to take my time machine and go back to the 19th century where some of the famous Nevadans, in the field of politics and arts, existed. For our first destination, my professor asked me to set my time machine to the 19th century. With a wink of an eye, we landed on a very beautiful place. I was very surprised to see mansions, 19th century houses, imported furniture, stylish fashion which seem to have come from the Orient and Europe. I had the impression that this place was a very boisterous town. I asked my professor if he knows this place. At first, he didn’t have any idea until we saw gold in the hills and dollars being made. I saw my professor’s eyes widened while saying â€Å"We are in Virginia City, Nevada! † We walked around the beautiful town and we saw a man walking on the street. My professor’s face brightened up and he told me that this man is a very important man in the history. I looked at the man’s face and realized that I saw it once in one of my history books. I suddenly remembered; this man is none other than William Morris Stewart! My professor explained that Mr. William Morris Stewart was one of the participants in the mining litigation in Virginia City, Nevada in 1860. He also helped and played a big role in the Comstock Lode’s development. Nevada became a state in 1864 and Mr. Stewart helped in the development of the State’s constitution (Smith, 1943). However, his role in the state as a politician and lawyer had always been very controversial. He was accused by his opponents of bribing juries and judges (Plazak, 2006). Despite this, Mr. Stewart was still elected as a Republican in the United States Senate in 1864 and served until 1875. He was again elected to the United States Senate in 1887 and was reelected in 1893 and again in 1899. During his term in the Senate, Mr. Stewart co-authored or drafted important legislation, including land reclamation laws and mining acts. However, he became famous for authoring the 15th Amendment to the US Constitution in 1868. This amendment promotes the protection of people’s voting rights regardless of color, race, or previous servitude condition. It was a great pleasure to learn about the contributions of Mr. William Morris Stewart but of course, it was really a great pleasure to experience visiting Virginia City. We went back to my time machine and went to a slightly different setting but also in the same period, the 19th century. When we landed, what I saw was not at all as beautiful as what I saw in Virginia City. I had the impression that we were in a ghost town. It was so dusty, hot, humid, and all I could smell was dust. I asked my professor where we were and he told me that were in Goldfield, one of the important cities of Nevada. I was surprised because it was so different from the Goldfield I know of during my time. While wandering in this ghost town-like place, we saw Mr. George Wingfield, the man behind the Nevada business mining camps. Once again, my History professor explained that Mr. Wingfield converted the useless mines of Nevada into great mines. He was one of the greatest organizers that put mining companies into operation (Time US, 1937). My professor further explained that Mr. Wingfield’s first mining venture in the State was in Golconda copper mines. It was a hard time for him as he was practically stripped off and had a gold fever but he was not discouraged. He was also the man behind the fight against the Western Federation of Miners and Industrial Workers of the World. These two organizations controlled the situations in the mine and George Wingfield was so determined to go against the orders and he succeeded, giving freedom to majority of miners in the mines. Again, it was a pleasure for me to know that Mr. George Wingfield was behind the success of Goldfield. For our last destination, my professor decided to go to early 20th century of Reno. I was so fascinated to see that Reno in the early 20th century was not at all so different from the Reno I know of. I was entertained by the peculiar neon marquees as they cast an outlandish nighttime glow on Nevada’s ever famous Truckee River. From a distance where my professor and I were standing, we could see the hotel towers as they punctuate the high-desert setting of the city between the arid Great Basin and the Sierra Nevada’s eastern slope. However, what I won’t forget about this early 20th century to Reno is my encounter with Mr. Robert Cole Naples, one of the famous painters of the USA. My professor and I agree that he had contributed a lot in the American art. References Smith, Grant. (1943). The History of the Comstock Lode. Univ. of Nevada Bulletin, 37(3), 69. Plazak. Dan. (2006). A Hole in the Ground with a Liar at the Top. Univ. of Utah Press 10: 0-87480-840-5, 26-27. Time US. (1937). King George. Retrieved 04 May 2009 from http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770884-2,00. html.

Essay --

During our history there have been many important governments in the world. Out of these governments, the Hammurabi’s and Thucydides are very strong governments. These governments are well known for their strong leadership and firm relationship between the people. On the other hand, the Magna Carta is the evidence of unsuccessful events of king john. The Hammurabi’s code was an important code in the 18th century BC of the Babylonian empire. The ruler of the Babylonian empire was Hammurabi, one of the great King at that time period, from 1792 to 1750 BC. The main aim of Hammurabi was to unite the Mesopotamia empire, which he did under his rule from about 1800 to 1750 B.C.E. In view of achieving his goals, Hammurabi formed a legal set of codes called the Hammurabi’s law code. Hammurabi wanted these codes to be visible to all, therefore these codes were carved apon a black stone monument, eight feet high in public view so that everyone will be able to see it and understand the rules of it. There are 282 laws which include harsh laws, where punishment was severe. Most of the laws were punishable by death. These laws regulate the organization of the society. Even if a judge makes a stupid or careless mistake, he will be expelled for lifetime and heavily fined. Also, the witness who testifies falsely shall be killed. A good example is the â€Å"An eye for an eye†, it states that if a man put out the eye of another man, his eyeball shall be put out. If a person was caught stealing he shall be put to death. Some laws, even with children were dealt very brutally. If a son strikes his father, his forehead shall be cut off. If a slave says to his master, you are not my master my master if they convict him, his master shall cut off his ear. If ... ...lso established equality before the law. The Magna Carta is considered as a turning point because it promised fair laws. These laws show what the government does for the people and what rights and responsibilities the subjects of these governments have. Hammurabi and Thucydides were important leaders in the 18th century an 5th century BC. They were great leaders and well known for being idealized leaders. Hammurabi and Pericles had control over their government and guided for the development. On the other hand, the Magna Carta was a document that was forced onto King John of England to stop abusing his powers with the people of England. It is very clear that Hammurabi and Pericles was powerfull leaders. Overall the Magna Carta, Hammurabi and Pericles funeral oration are more or less the same. All the three governments deals with power, authority, money, war even aft

Flag of the United States and U.s. Car Maker Essay

1. In your opinion, what were the most important design considerations for BMW when redesigning the Mini for the U.S. car market? As for U.S. car maker, the first place that they should redesign the image and the style of the BMW. As to suit the market, BMW should make the car a little larger; add some modern bits inside of the car. As I know, they highlighted the British theme by adding extras like the flag on the roof, therefore, as for the U.S. car maker, they also can add the extras like American flag on the roof, and even they can design the car cover of the American flag. 2. What would be the most important benefits to design into this car for the targeted market segment(s)? The targeted market segments for Mini are people who are 24-32, young white-collar, urban professionals who owned their â€Å"first car†, which is adventurous, extraverted and car for personal users. As we know the Mini’s target market are people who are 24-32 years old, who just graduate from university or have their first job. Therefore, the social media is very important to them. Company can insert the social app like Twitter and Facebook to and Web Radio to the car, which you can receive the status updates and tune into online radio stations via iphone and to listen to them in Mini. Create a Mini website which let car owner customize their own outfits of the car. 3. What would be the key points of discussion between design and other functional areas within BMW in order to deliver a car with the desired benefits? As my point of view, between design and functional areas, the key points of discussion are cost, environmental problems and ethical issues. In order to deliver a car with the desired benefits, company should consider about the cost of product. Even though the design may increase the sales, but reasonable cost will determined by the management of company. In addition, increasingly people pay attention to the environmental problem, except build a designable car with other functions, company also should take care of the environment, such as the emission issue. As for ethical issue, when find out the small pitfall of a BMW, company should recall it immediately, cannot do like Ford Company’s Pinto case, should assume the responsibility. 4. More broadly, when a car such as the Beetle or Thunderbird is redesigned or given a facelift for the modern car buyer, what are the design pitfalls and concerns, and specifically, what kind of market research should be conducted to ensure that the pitfalls are avoided? When a car such as the Beetle or Thunderbird is redesigned for the modern car buyers, the most concerned issue is safety. Some of the redesigns want to satisfy the demands of consumers, however ignore the safety issues. In my opinion, the Primary research is research that design and conduct by ourselves. Several tools are available to the market researcher—e.g., mail questionnaires, phone surveys, observation, and focus groups. Research will often help us reduce risks associated with a new product, but it cannot take the risk away entirely. It is also important to ascertain whether the research has been complete.

Financial Management and Control – Kingspan

Financial Management and Control Kingspan Assignment 6th December 2012 Contents Introduction4 1. Profitability Ratios4 1. 1Gross Profit Ratio4 1. 2Net Profit Ratio4 1. 3Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)4 2. Liquidity Ratios5 2. 1Current Ratio5 2. 2Quick Ratio/Acid Test Ratio5 3. Efficiency Ratios6 3. 1Debtors Days6 3. 2Creditors Days6 3. 3Inventory Turnover Days6 4. Gearing Ratios7 4. 1Gearing Ratio7 4. 2Debt to Equity Ratio7 4. 3Interest Cover7 5. Investment Ratios8 5. 1Earnings per Share8 5. 2Price Earnings Ratio8 5. 3Dividend Cover8 6. Sources of Finance9 6. 1Debt capital:9 6. 2Lease and Hire Purchase9 . 3Share Capital9 6. 4Creditor & Debtors10 6. 5Reducing stock levels10 7. Conclusion10 7. Appendices11 7. 1Appendix 111 7. 2Appendix 212 Introduction Below are the ratio findings based on Kingspan PLC’s annual report year ended 31st December 2010. The ratios are calculated for both 2010 and 2009. The ratios are as follows: 1. Profitability Ratios 1. 1Gross Profit Ratio 201020 09 Gross Profit333,694Ãâ€"100%=27. 96%308,913Ãâ€"100%=27. 45% Sales Revenue1,193,2151,125,523 There is a slightly higher Gross Profit in 2010. Kingspan are now holding onto . 51% more of each euro of sales then they were in 2009.This is due to the increase in sales. 1. 2Net Profit Ratio 20102009 Net Profit (before Int & Tax)67,405Ãâ€"100%=5. 65%62,659Ãâ€"100%=5. 57% Sales Revenue1,193,2151,125,523 There is a slight increase of. 08% in 2010 compared to 2009. If going by the gross profit ratio this should have been higher; this indicates that they need to manage their expenses more efficiently thus increasing their net profit. 1. 3Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) 20102009 Net Profit (before Int & Tax)67,405Ãâ€"100%=7. 65%62,659Ãâ€"100%=7. 97% Capital Employed (W1)880,616786,676 Kingspan has been less efficient in using their capital in 2010; they are down by . 2% from 2009. Although there was an increase in sales in 2010 the decrease in ROCE is due to the higher borrowings in 2 010. If in following years they continue this trend investors could start to worry and sell shares. 2. Liquidity Ratios 2. 1Current Ratio 20102009 Current Assets471,193=1. 55:1398,212=1. 31:1 Current Liabilities304,922303,529 The current ratio in 2010 shows that kingspan are managing their short term debt more efficiently than in 2009; this is due to increasing their current assets and managing to keep their currents liabilities relativity steady.They need to manage their debtors and stock better to further increase the ratio which will entice potential investors. 2. 2Quick Ratio/Acid Test Ratio 20102009 Current Assets less Closing Inventory (W2)342,158=1. 12:1287,391=0. 95:1 Current liabilities304,922 303,529 In 2009 Kingspan may have had difficulty in paying their short term creditors but they have managed to increase it in 2010. Given the ideal ratio of 1:1 they could look at investing the surplus assets for a return. ? 3. Efficiency Ratios 3. 1Debtors Days 20102009 Debtors218,04 7Ãâ€"365=66. 70Days181,071Ãâ€"365=58. 72Days Credit Sales1,193,2151,125,523Kingspan were managing their debtors better in 2009. There is an increase of 8 days in 2010; this could potentially lead to bad debt. Collecting their debt earlier will increase the liquidity of the business. They could offer discounts on early payment or offer a cash price. 3. 2Creditors Days 20102009 Creditors93,024Ãâ€"365=38. 68Days85,228Ãâ€"365=40. 42Days Credit Purchases (W3)877,735769,671 Kingspans creditors days have decreased by 2 days meaning they are paying off their debts 2 days earlier than in 2009. This shows that Kingspan are managing their debt more efficiently and may interest potential investors. 3. Inventory Turnover Days 20102009 Average Inventory (W4)119,928Ãâ€"365=50. 93Days134,291Ãâ€"365=60. 02Days Cost of Sales859,521816,610 Kingspan has managed their stock more efficiently in 2010; by doing so they have increased their cash flow and reduced their holding costs. ? 4. Gearing Ratio s 4. 1Gearing Ratio 20102009 Long Term Borrowing213,671Ãâ€"100%=24. 26%201,141Ãâ€"100%=25. 57% Total Capital (W1)880,616786,676 By decreasing the level of gearing they have decreased the level of financial risk, although they have increased their borrowing the increase in capital is greater meaning that they are using less debt to make their profit. . 2Debt to Equity Ratio 20102009 Long Term Borrowing213,671Ãâ€"100%=32. 04%201,141Ãâ€"100%=34. 35% Shareholders Funds666,945585,535 Debt to equity has decreased by almost 2% in 2010 showing that there are more shareholders funds to borrowings. This shows that Kingspan can manage to pay their debts which is important for future borrowings and investors. 4. 3Interest Cover Interest Cover 20102009 Profit before Interest & Tax67,405=5. 3562,659=4. 91 Loan Interest12,59412,750 There are higher interest rates associated with short term borrowings than there are with long term borrowings.By reducing their short term and increasing their lon g term borrowings Kingspan has reduced their finance costs in 2010. They have also increased their sales giving a better interest cover. It shows that in 2010 Kingspan would be able to pay their interest 5. 35 times compared to 4. 91 times in 2009. Bank and investors would look at this ratio to see how they cover their loans. 5. Investment Ratios 5. 1Earnings per Share 20102009 Profit after Interest and Tax48,657,000= â‚ ¬ 0. 28 47,658,000= â‚ ¬ 0. 28 Number of ordinary shares171,755,762171,503,951Earnings per share in 2010 have remained almost the same as 2009. It is displayed here rounded but 2010 has a slight increase. It shows the profitability of Kingspan and the consistency of the EPS shows security. Shareholders are receiving a slightly higher return in 2010. 5. 2Price Earnings Ratio 20102009 Price per share7. 49=â‚ ¬ 26. 956. 05 =â‚ ¬ 21. 32 Earnings per Share0. 280. 28 It is more expensive to buy Kingspan shares in 2010 than compared to 2009; this shows confiden ce in future earning power. 5. 3Dividend Cover 20102009 Profit after Int & tax & Pref Div48,657=7. 0NIL Earnings per Share6,661 Kingspan can pay their shareholders 7. 3 times from their available profits. They did not pay any dividend in 2009; this could have been a strategic move to increase cash flow. ? 6. Sources of Finance Kingspan operate a number of different finance sources, such as: 6. 1Debt capital: Kingspan have both long and short term borrowings. With short term borrowings such as overdrafts and hire purchase kingspan will pay a high interest rate on their 2009 borrowings of â‚ ¬31,863mn but they have managed to reduce that by over half to â‚ ¬14,259mn.This will reduce the financial costs. The interest rate for long term borrowings is generally a lot lower than that of short term loans; although Kingspan increased there long term borrowings in 2010 by â‚ ¬12,529mn they will be paying a lower interest rate, again saving on finance costs. By reducing their short t erm borrowings and increasing their long term borrowings in 2010, Kingspan have managed to reduce their overall finance cost to â‚ ¬156mn in 2010. The long term borrowings of â‚ ¬213,671mn have been scheduled for staggered repayments over 5 years, this ill allow kingspan to meet their liabilities when due. Interest rates for loans over â‚ ¬300,000 can be discussed with individual financial institutions. Kingspan’s interest rate for both long and short term loans will depend on their credit rating. They will have to be able to produce cash flow forecasts or provide security for the loan. 6. 2Lease and Hire Purchase This form of finance allows Kingspan to obtain the use of an asset without a large initial cost. It is beneficial as the risk remains with the owner and as technology changes they can upgrade the equipment with minimal cost.Kingspan have increased their lease/hire purchase costs by â‚ ¬7mn in 2010. 6. 3Share Capital The core funding in Kingspan is provid ed by shareholders; this increased by â‚ ¬81,410mn in 2010. Although there is risk involved and there may be a high return expected by using this form of financing there is no requirement to pay dividends even if profits exist. As Kingspan do not have preferred shareholders they did not pay out dividends in 2009 and allowed them to retain their profit and improve sales. 6. 4Creditor & DebtorsKingspan's creditors days decreased by 2 days in 2010; depending on the agreement they may have been able to receive a discount for early payment. However agreeing longer credit terms with their suppliers would allow them more flexibility with cash flow. In 2009 Kingspan were also managing their debtors days more efficiently than that of 2010. This may be due to the down turn in the economy and to make sales they could have offered longer repayment options. If needed Kingspan could renegotiate the terms or offer discounts for early payment. 6. 5Reducing stock levelsBy reducing the number of d ays stock is held will save on holding costs such as security, light, heat, warehousing and staff it will also reduce the risk of spoiling or obsolete goods. Kingspan have managed to reduce their stock turnover days to 51 days compared to 60 days the previous year. 7. Conclusion Overall Kingspan is performing better in 2010 than compared to 2009. The sources of finance are working well for the company, they have a low gearing ratio and have moved funds between long and short term borrowing taking advantage of a lower interest rate.They are managing their creditor, debtor and stock turnover days more efficiently than in 2009. They are leasing or using hire purchase to obtain assets this giving Kingspan the use of equipment without a large initial cost. Given the industry and the economic climate in 2010 Kingspan shows to be a liquid company and shows confidence in future earnings. ? 7. Appendices 7. 1Appendix 1 Workings (W1)Capital Employed20102009 Share Capital & Reserves666,945585, 535 Long Term Debt213,671201,141 882,626786,676 (W2)20102009Current Assets471,193398,212 Closing Inventory-129,035-110,821 342,158287,391 (W3) Credit Purchases20102009 Closing Stock129,035816,610 Cost of Sales859,521110,821 Opening Stock-110,821-157,760 Purchases877,735769,671 (W4)Average Inventory20102009 Opening Stock110,821157,760 Closing Stock129,035110,821 Total Stock239,856268,581 ? 2119,928134,291 ? 7. 2Appendix 2 Share prices for Kingspan Fig 1. 2009 share price as of 31/12/2009 Fig2. 2010 share price as of 31/12/2010 http://www. kingspan. com/kingspangroup/investors/share_info/share_chart/

Everything You Need To Know About Footnotes

Everything You Need To Know About Footnotes While the rules regarding footnotes vary according to the citation style used, there are two distinct purposes for footnotes:To provide necessary information to text in the form of a citation.To provide supplementary information to text, such as clarifying an idea or expounding on it for further inquiry.Regardless of their purpose, a footnote is usually added to text as a superscript, starting at 1, and with a corresponding number at the bottom of the page (known as the footer) where the citation or additional information is included.See the example below, which shows the superscripted footnote numbers, along with the footnotes and the way they are formatted on the paper. Keep in mind that the gray line is the bottom of the paper, so your footnotes will be printed that close to the end of the page.An example of superscripted footnote numbers.Why are footnotes used?Footnotes are the least intrusive way for an author to provide citations or supplemental information about a topic. In so me cases, such as when using Chicago Style, footnotes are often used instead of in-text citations with a bibliography at the end of the paper. Footnotes allow an author to guide his or her reader to additional information or further study, without disrupting the flow of the sentence.Another great use of footnotes is to define or explain a word or idea that might require further explanation to a general audience. A definition or explanation can be provided within the footnote without any visual or logical disruption in the text.Style guides and footnotesThe Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) requires the use of footnotes instead of in-text citations. Other styles, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA) also allow the use of footnotes. However, while CMS requires footnotes for citations and supplemental information, APA and MLA suggest footnote use for supplemental information only.Modern Language Associations (MLA) rules regarding fo otnote useBelow are the rules regarding footnote use in MLA style, taken from the Purdue Online Writing Lab.MLA discourages extensive use of explanatory or digressive notes.MLA Style does, however, allow you to use endnotes or footnotes for bibliographic notes, which refer to other publications your readers may consult.Following are some examples:See Blackmur, especially chapters 3 and 4, for an insightful analysis of this trend.On the problems related to repressed memory recovery, see Wollens 120-35; for a contrasting view, see Pyle 43; Johnson, Hull, Snyder 21-35; Krieg 78-91.Several other studies point to this same conclusion. See Johnson and Hull 45-79, Kather 23-31, Krieg 50-57.Or, you can also use endnotes/footnotes for occasional explanatory notes (also known as content notes), which refers to brief additional information that might be too digressive for the main text:In a 1998 interview, she reiterated this point even more strongly: I am an artist, not a politician! (Weller 124).MLA style has a few additional rules concerning footnote use:For footnotes placed in dependent clauses, such as this one,1 add the number after the comma.Footnotes should follow the period at the end of a sentence.2The only exception to a footnote following the punctuation would be this one3- the dash. When a dash is used as punctuation following a word, the footnote connected to that word should come before it.American Psychological Associations (APA) rules regarding footnote useAPA style discourages the use of footnotes and endnotes, according to the Purdue Online Writing Lab, as detailed below.APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are often expensive for publishers to reproduce. However, if explanatory notes still prove necessary to your document, APA details the use of two types of footnotes: content and copyright. When using either type of footnote, insert a number formatted in superscript following almost any punctuation mark.Footnote numbe rs should not follow dashes ( - ), and if they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the footnote number should be inserted within the parentheses.Scientists examined- over several years1- the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.2(These have now been transferred to the Chauan Museum.3).Also keep in mind, when using the footnote function in a word-processing program like Microsoft Word, place all footnotes at the bottom of the page on which they appear. Footnotes may also appear on the final page of your document (usually this is after the References page). Center the word Footnotes at the top of the page. Indent five spaces on the first line of each footnote. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing rules. Double-space throughout:1 While the method of examination for the wooly-wooly yak provides important insights to this research, this document does not focus on this particular species.Chicago Manual of Style rules regarding footnote useThe Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) uses foo tnotes as the primary way to cite sources. While in-text citations can be used, footnotes are most typical for this style. As with MLA, the footnotes should follow the punctuation unless the punctuation is a dash. There are more specific rules regarding footnote placement and numbering for this style that can be found the Purdue Online Writing Lab.Footnote examples for all style guidesScientists have discovered varied lifeforms in this habitat.6Im allergic to shellfish,7 so lets not order the shrimp.For years, scholars have studied the book carefully8- a fact that suggests there has been much effort put into understanding it.

Fieldwork essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fieldwork - Essay Example Humans exhibit certain notable signs while communicating and these signs are known to come out of subconscious straightforwardly. The emblems are set of gestures that are universally understood and comprehended throughout the globe and meanings associated with these actions vary culture to culture as well. The most important of these are called illustrators and they are unconsciously used in order to backup one’s words. The negative expressions are strongly related with nods, parallel moment of Index figures. The positive thoughts are attached with subtle physical clues while, the information of danger is communicated with the help of showing one’s palms to others and the voice ingredient intensifies itself when we talk with energy and enthusiasm and similar developments can occur with redness of face when somebody is angry or sorrowful. Adaptors are set of gestures that indicate that a person is comfortable with the current conversation. People are famous for leaning back and relaxing themselves when they are communicating with close friends and family. They unknowingly invade personal spaces of each other as well. Additionally, human body moves towards the individuals for whom we have certain feelings of closeness and affection. However, generally we move away from those who appear undesirable for us and these gestures are referred to as Regulators. Final version of expressions is duly motivated with the presence of emotions. The Affect Displays give the clues about the emotional state of the person. The chins are likely to drop when oneself is going through emotional pain whereas, anger can make humans breath heavily and increasing intensity of voice is almost bound to accompany the feeling of rage. The collective of abovementioned symptoms can be used in order to decipher one’s emotional state. The practi tioners of Emotional Intelligence have the ability

Statistics Problems Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statistics Problems - Speech or Presentation Example 32. Dole Pineapple, Inc., is concerned that the 16-ounce can of sliced pineapple is being overfilled. Assume the standard deviation of the process is .03 ounces. The quality control department took a random sample of 50 cans and found that the arithmetic mean weight was 16.05 ounces. At the 5 percent level of significance, can we conclude that the mean weight is greater than 16 ounces? Determine the p-value. 38. A recent article in The Wall Street Journal reported that the 30-year mortgage rate is now less than 6 percent. A sample of eight small banks in the Midwest revealed the following 30-year rates (in percent): As the p – value is greater than 0.01, the null hypothesis can be accepted. Hence it can be concluded that there is no significant difference in the mean number of times men and women take – out dinners in a month. 46. Grand Strand Family Medical Center is specifically set up to treat minor medical emergencies for visitors to the Myrtle Beach area. There are two facilities, one in the Little River Area and the other in Murrells Inlet. The Quality Assurance Department wishes to compare the mean waiting time for patients at the two locations. Samples of the waiting times, reported in minutes, follow: 52. The president of the American Insurance Institute wants to compare the yearly costs of auto insurance offered by two leading companies. He selects a sample of 15 families, some with only a single insured driver, others with several teenage drivers, and pays each family a stipend to contact the two companies and ask for a price quote. To make the data comparable, certain features, such as the deductible amount and limits of liability, are standardized. The sample information is reported below. At the .10 significance level, can we conclude that there is a difference in the amounts quoted? 23. A real estate agent in the coastal area of